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What kind of person are you?
Are you independent--individual, unique, and in control of your world? Are you interdependent--relational, similar to others, and good at adjusting to situations?
Or are you both?
In Clash!, leading cultural psychologists Hazel Rose Markus and Alana Conner show us how our cultural backgrounds create and reflect these two basic ways of being a self, which then shape everything from how we run our governments to how we raise our children.
Markus and Conner also demonstrate how clashes between independence and interdependence fuel many of today's most pressing conflicts, including tensions between East and West, the Global North and Global South, men and women, blacks and whites, conservative and liberal, religious groups, rich and poor, and businesses, governments, and nonprofits.
Provocative and entertaining, Clash! offers solutions to many of the problems that plague our workplaces, schools, and relationships. For readers of The Culture Code by Clotaire Rapaille and The Wisdom of Crowds by James Surowiecki, it doesn't just explain who we are, it also envisions who we could become.
- Sales Rank: #119497 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-05-02
- Released on: 2013-05-02
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
"This book is a passkey that opens many doors. Using one simple principle, Clash! explains some of the most bedeviling cultural divides in our workplaces and communities. It's mandatory reading for teachers, managers, and parents who want to raise their kids to succeed in a multicultural world." - Chip Heath, PhD, coauthor, Decisive: How To Make Better Choices in Life and Work and Switch: How To Change When Change Is Hard
"What a brilliant, eye-opening book! Filled with insight, and based on fascinating original research, Clash! offers a way to understand and break through some of the deepest cultural divides of our time. It's a page-turner - fun, witty, engagingly written." -Amy Chua, author of Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
"If you fear that cultural, political, and class differences are tearing America apart, read this important book to learn how we can turn some of our differences into strengths." - Jonathan Haidt, PhD, author of The Righteous Mind
"Clash! offers deep insights into how our cultures and culture clashes make us who we are, and how that matters for success in the 21st century. Everyone should read this book." -Carol S. Dweck, PhD, author of Mindset
"In these days of heedless enthusiasm for gene maps and brain scans, Clash! reminds us that human beings are, above all, culture-bearing, culture-sharing, and culture-shaping animals. This thoroughly engaging book shows that to know a person, one must know a culture." - Barry Schwartz, PhD, author of The Paradox of Choice and Practical Wisdom
From the Author
As the world gets smaller, hotter, and flatter, people from different cultures are colliding like never before:
1) East Asian students now dominate Western schools and workplaces, yet crash into the so-called "bamboo ceiling" before reaching the top.
2) Women are getting stuck as they rocket up the corporate ladder, while men are falling off the ladder altogether.
3) The have-nots still struggle in the classrooms of the haves, widening the gap between rich and poor.
4) Many Blacks, Latinos, and other people of color know that discrimination keeps them down, while many Whites sincerely believe that race no longer matters.
5) The politics of conservative Protestants frighten Americans of other religions, while the politics of more mainstream traditions infuriate the conservatives.
6) Midwesterners and Southerners get depressed when they relocate to the Coasts, and vice versa.
7) Despite the need for more collaboration, partnerships between governments, businesses, and nonprofits too often fail.
8) Governments in the Global North and Global South still can't agree about what counts as "fair," "honest," and "efficient."
Although each of these eight conflicts seems unique, we reveal that many stem from the same root cause: the tension between people using the independent, separate, and in-control side of their selves, versus people using the interdependent, connected, and adjusting side. We also show how people can nudge their cultures to call forth their best selves. By knowing when and how to use our different selves, we may not just survive, but thrive in the 21st century.
From the Inside Flap
Advance Praise for Clash!
"Better than any book I know, Clash! illuminates the cultural influences in our everyday lives and how they underlie the major identity clashes of our times. This delightfully written book also imparts a better understanding of ourselves." -Claude Steele, PhD, author of Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do
"A brilliant and highly accessible exposition of new scientific findings about profound cultural differences. As the world grows smaller and flatter, the wisdom of Clash! will prove essential for effective functioning." -Richard E. Nisbett, PhD, author of Intelligence and How to Get It
"Finally! An entertaining and scientifically rigorous explanation of how our cultures work on us and how we can work on them. Clash! is a must-read for crafting effective personal change strategies that work within and across most cultures." -Philip Zimbardo, PhD, author, The Lucifer Effect
"In the conflict of cultures lies, paradoxically, the ability to construct a self with integrity, agility, and the potential to grow in ways previously unimagined. Full of good science and sage advice, Clash! provides the evidence and strength to approach the hard question, "Who am I?" -Mahzarin Banaji, PhD, author of Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People
"In this eye-opening guide to becoming a more complete person in a divided world, difference (ethnic, religious, racial, political, gender) is a virtue. Clash! expresses the biggest idea in cultural psychology of the past three decades." -Richard Shweder, PhD, author, Why Do Men Barbecue? Recipes for Cultural Psychology
"We all see the daily battles around us - liberals versus conservatives, religious conservatives versus the more secular, and so on. This book explains why these battles are so fierce and the sides seem so unwilling to compromise. This fun volume will educate you in remarkable ways, and fundamentally alter the way you understand the world." -Ed Diener, PhD, coauthor, Happiness: Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth
Most helpful customer reviews
13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
insightful, nuanced guide to the complex cultural tensions within & between us
By Timothy McCormick
Marcus and Conner (both from Stanford's psychology program) distill an evident wealth of research, experience, and consideration into this engaging, well-organized, broadly illuminating study of the cultural tensions within and between us.
In the model of popular science or psychology standout works like Gladwell's Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking or Duhigg's The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business a core pattern is shown to have explanatory power across a surprisingly wide range of phenomena. In the case of "Clash," that pattern is the distinction between independent and interdependent poles of thinking/behavior.
However, while the independent/interdependent distinction is a unifying theme in the book, "Clash" develops a refreshingly nuanced, dynamic, and multi-axial understanding, not a single-factor theory-of-everything like some works on the market. The authors effectively describe how people occupy various positions on various cultural axes at the same time, perhaps even changing situationally; and any person or interpersonal situation is a multi-faceted interaction of many influences.
The range of facets or axes explored is suggested by the chapter headings, which are as follows:
Ch 1. Hearts and Minds, East and West
Ch 2. A Spin through the Culture Cycle
Ch 3. Women Are from Earth, Men Are from Earth: Gender Cultures
Ch 4. Color Lines: Cultures of Race and Ethnicity
Ch 5. Class Acts: Socioeconomic Cultures
Ch 6. States of Mind: U.S. Regional Cultures
Ch 7. Getting Religion: Faith Cultures
Ch 8. Love's Labour's Lost: Workplace Cultures
Ch 9. The Economic Equator: Cultures of the Global North and South
The power of such a broad, nuanced understanding was brought home to me by the story of the Tsarnaev brothers, presumed perpetrators of the recent Boston Marathon bombing, which actually occurred while I was reading the book. As the media struggled to label or identify motives for the Tsarnaevs, it became clear that there might be no single or obvious factor explaining who they were or why they may have done what they did.
The Tsarnaevs, I think, illustrate exactly what "Clash" argues: that to really understand ourselves and each other, we have to be attuned the various cultural axes and selves that coexist in tension. Categorizations like "terrorist" or "Islamist" or "minority" just may not give much insight. The brothers were "white" (in fact, literally Caucasian) in an American context, but from post-Soviet border zones of long-standing political-ethnic conflict, and minority groups in a Russian context. They were U.S. immigrants, in a somewhat marginal position economically, and relative to the Russian immigrant and Muslim communities with which they had affiliations. It was a clear case, turned to tragedy, of the "clashes" that Marcus & Conner observe are at play in all kinds of situations.
However, while the Tsarnaev case is perhaps a worst-case scenario, "Clash" generally presents a notably hopeful and constructive viewpoint, arguing that our "culture cycles" are shapeable, progressable. If we recognize and understand our inherent multiculturation and multi-facetedness, the authors suggest, we're likely to get along better with ourselves and each other, and in fact our world increasingly requires that we do.
While "Clash" is accessibly and engagingly written, with many interesting stories and examples, it also builds its arguments upon a thorough corpus of classic and recent research work, which is generously mentioned in the text and fully referenced in the endnotes. This for me was actually one of the most valuable aspects of the book, as I found myself noting down many key research papers or books to look up later, or even authors/researchers to follow on Twitter. I'm not an expert in the fields of social/cultural psychology, etc. engaged in this book, but my sense is that Marcus & Conner have drawn a thorough interpretive map of the topic, and the pathways between many of its most significant figures.
The care shown by the authors, in interpreting and engaging others in their writing, is much like the book's message about how we might try to live. That is, by recognizing we can interpret and compose our selves, lives and interactions, to a significant degree. Or as one of the book's most striking metaphors says:
"Your world...is like a radio playing many different stations at once. Your self moves the dial on that radio. It helps you attend to the channels that are relevant to your needs and goals."
In the end, the vision of the book is perhaps less "clash," more creative, inclusive improvisation: a culture jam -- which they show is a powerful but not at all simple idea.
9 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Big Idea Popular Social Science Book
By H. P.
Clash is one of those Big Idea books on popular social science, specifically, in this case, cultural psychology. Cultural psychology deals with the effect of culture on the mind, the mind on culture, and the inextricable intertwining of culture and the mind. The influence is powerful; I think cultural psychology could rival behavioral psychology for grist for "nudge" policies. Markus and Conner see one, not eight, conflict as central--Independence versus Interdependence. They then look at the independence-interdependence conflict across eight cultural facets: Eastern Hemisphere v. Western Hemisphere, gender, race, class (or, rather, college educated v. non-college educated), American region, religion (really focused on cultural differences between Mainline and Evangelical American Protestants), for-profits v. non-profits v. government work cultures, and the "Global North" v. the "Global South."
Markus and Conner define culture as the "ideas, institutions, and interactions that tell a group of people how to think, feel, and act," which sounds horribly restrictive. But our cultures are legion, and we "actively construct" them by inserting our influence, by choosing which cultures to embrace, and even by changing cultures. It's a powerful thing. According to Markus and Conner, "[m]aking cultures is our other smart human trick (the first . . . is having a self)."
As befitting a work of popular social science, Markus and Conner keep a breezy, conversational style mixed in with the empirics (a section is titled, no lie, "Hoes in Different Area Codes"). They are unafraid to drop subtly subversive statistics, e.g., "[t]he achievement gap between low- and high-income families is now double the Black-White gap--a complete reversal of the pattern fifty years ago." Their work couldn't be more relevant to that great melting pot, America. For example, "[r]oughly twenty percent of Americans now live in a region other than the one where they were born." They keenly identify differences in cultures on either side of the independence-interdependence divide. Asians and Southern Americans may both come from interdependent cultures, but the Southerners are going to address slights to honor individual rather than relying on the group or a source of authority (also neatly showing how interdependence and independence can be paired together). They highlight where their research can have direct, real-world implications--for example, studies show that "organizations that emphasize collectivism and interdependence better harness the creative power of diverse work groups than do organizations that emphasize individualism and independence." They've identified cultural markers that run deep: "the more [Africans'] ancestors encountered the slave trade in the past, the more modern-day residents mistrust each other in the present."
Like all grand, unifying theories, Markus and Conner's suffers somewhat from oversimplifications and inconsistencies. Are we to believe, for example, that overly interdependence-minded female teachers struggle to teach independence-minded male students, but that those same, now-independence-minded college-educated teachers struggle to teach interdependence-minded working class students? That our education system struggles to teach both groups is plain. Such seemingly contradictory explanations require more intellectual support than Markus and Conner give them (although I suspect they may be right). They come back to the contradictions in the final chapter of Self, but never in an entirely satisfactory way.
Markus and Conner's full-throated (albeit cursory) support of affirmative action (at least in higher education) is also a bit puzzling. Setting aside more recent scholarship that has called into question the Bowen and Bok book cited by Markus and Conner, after arguing (persuasively) that interdependence-minded black and Hispanic students are hurt by a higher education system designed for independent-minded students, Markus and Conner turn around and argue for a system that hurts interdependence-minded Asian students most of all! Given the topic of the book, one would have expected a proposed solution better tailored to address what Markus and Conner see to be a problem heavily rooted in the independence-interdependence dichotomy, something we frequently see elsewhere. After all, few policies are as independence-centric as traditional affirmative action.
The aspersions cast on democracy and capitalism are as disheartening as they are predictable, but Markus and Conner are absolutely correct on the necessity of strong institutions. Maximizing the chance of success of reform requires understanding, integrating, and strengthening existing institutions. Quibbles aside, Clash has considerably enriched my understanding of culture, psychology, and the world.
Clash ends with a chapter on the Self. Almost invariably we come from cultures that pull us in different directions. For example, I am a white, college-educated male (independence), Southern, evangelical Christian raised by non-college educated parents (interdependence).
Disclosure: I received a complimentary e-copy of Clash through NetGalley.
6 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Awesome book! A must read for all Americans!!
By An avid reader
I found out about this book when a friend recommended it to me even before it was published. Just the title and the website made me wonder, what are the 8 clashes that define our generation? I couldn't wait to download the book as soon as it came out, and when it did, hard a very difficult time leaving my Kindle even to engage in essential activities!
Markus and Conner talk about 8 major types of clashes that our society faces: between mainstream American culture and East Asian culture, between men and women, between different races, between middle class and working class people, between the coasts and middle America, between different religions, between rich and poor countries, and between businesses and nonprofits. Although most of us would like to brush these differences under the rug and imagine that they didn't exist, these actually do exist in our everyday lives.
This book helps explain why these different types of clashes occur and why we can not only address them but even learn from and use them to create a better society. They talk about how different ways in which people like to be independent or interdependent with others that is a source of many of these clashes. Some of the things that they talk about are what we don't want to hear - for example, that being colorblind can actually have negative consequences - but although I found my beliefs challenged, I felt the book allowed me to make an informed choice rather than just act out of ignorance.
The authors writing style is amazing - the book is very exciting and fun to read, never boring, academic or pedantic. The authors support their claims with numerous personal examples that bring their points to life and make one laugh (I had difficult suppressing my laughter multiple times on a long plane ride today). They also backup their claims with research findings, which is good to know because I don't just believe what someone says.
Overall, this book opened my mind about why there are so many differences in society and how we can actually use these differences rather than keep wishing that they didn't exist. It'll totally change my quality of interaction with others who are not like me, and hopefully help me become a better person.
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